Volume 1, Issue 1 (August 2022)                   Health Science Monitor 2022, 1(1): 10-23 | Back to browse issues page


XML Print


Download citation:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:

Shamoogardiani E, Navidjouy N. Phytoremediation of heavy metals polluted environments. Health Science Monitor 2022; 1 (1) :10-23
URL: http://hsm.umsu.ac.ir/article-1-51-en.html
Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
Abstract:   (898 Views)
The rapid industrial development and agricultural growth and the indiscriminate production of pollutants have faced problems for human societies and the environment. Accumulation and pollution of heavy metals in the environment are the main important problems that as a result of human activities through extraction from ore and processing for various applications has led to the release of these elements in the environment. Heavy metals are non-biodegradable, so they could accumulate in the environment and subsequently contaminate the food chain. Some heavy metals are known as carcinogens, endocrine disruptors and mutagens, and this is a serious threat for human health. Therefore, today, the removal of heavy metal pollutions from the environment has been received special attention by researchers. In the application of physicochemical methods for this purpose, there will be serious limitations such as the need for chemical substances, high cost, the need for specialized equipment and skills, changes in soil characteristics, and disruption of native soil microflora. In contrast, phytoremediation is a better solution to the problem. The use of plants and natural soil microbes to reduce the concentration or toxic effects of pollutants in the environment is called phytoremediation. It is considered as a cost-effective, efficient, new, environmentally friendly and highly adoptable technology. New efficient metal superaccumulator plants are being investigated for applications in phytoremediation and plant extraction. This review article comprehensively discusses the background, concepts, processes and mechanisms in plant remediation of heavy metals.
Full-Text [PDF 460 kb]   (1823 Downloads)    
Type of Study: Research | Subject: Special
Received: 2022/07/30 | Accepted: 2022/08/23 | Published: 2022/08/20

References
1. Waughray D. Water securitythe water-food-energy-climate nexus: the World Economic Forum water initiative2011. [Google Scholar]
2. Lasat MM. Phytoextraction of toxic metals: a review of biological mechanisms. Journal of environmental quality. 2002;31(1):109-20. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2002.0109 [DOI] [PMID]
3. Mishra S, Bharagava RN, More N, Yadav A, Zainith S, Mani S, et al. Heavy metal contamination: an alarming threat to environment and human health. Environmental biotechnology: For sustainable future: Springer; 2019. p. 103-25. [DOI]
4. Naderi M, Danesh Shahraki E, Naderi R. A review of phytoremediation of soils contaminated with heavy metals. Human and Environment Quarterly. 2013;23:35-49. [URL]
5. Bolan NS, Adriano DC, Naidu R. Role of phosphorus in (im) mobilization and bioavailability of heavy metals in the soil-plant system. Reviews of environmental contamination and toxicology. 2003:1-44. [DOI] [PMID]
6. Taghavirad SS, Davar H, Mohammadi M. The a study on concentration of BETX vapors during winter in the department of ports and shipping located in one of the southern cities of Iran. 2014. [URL]
7. Rascio N, Navari-Izzo F. Heavy metal hyperaccumulating plants: how and why do they do it? And what makes them so interesting? Plant science. 2011;180(2):169-81. [DOI] [PMID]
8. Street JJ, Lindsay W, Sabey B. Solubility and plant uptake of cadmium in soils amended with cadmium and sewage sludge. Wiley Online Library, 1977 0047-2425. [DOI]
9. Guo H, Luo S, Chen L, Xiao X, Xi Q, Wei W, et al. Bioremediation of heavy metals by growing hyperaccumulaor endophytic bacterium Bacillus sp. L14. Bioresource technology. 2010;101(22):8599-605. [DOI] [PMID]
10. Lefebvre DD, Edwards C. Decontaminating heavy metals from water using photosynthetic microbes. Emerging Environmental Technologies, Volume II: Springer; 2010. p. 57-73. [DOI]
11. Organization WH. Inorganic lead. Environmental Health Criteria 165. International Programme on Chemical Safety, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland. 1997. [URL]
12. Fatehi M, Shayegan J, Zabihi M. A review of heavy metal removal methods from aqueous media. 2019;5(3):874-85. [URL]
13. Winsor G. Nutrition. The UK Tomato Manual. Grower books, London. 1973;8:1246-52. [Google Scholar]
14. Jia L, Wang W, Li Y, Yang L. Heavy metals in soil and crops of an intensively farmed area: a case study in Yucheng City, Shandong Province, China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2010;7(2):395-412. [DOI] [PMID] [PMCID]
15. Larchevêque M, Ballini C, Korboulewsky N, Montès N. The use of compost in afforestation of Mediterranean areas: effects on soil properties and young tree seedlings. Science of the total Environment. 2006;369(1-3):220-30. [DOI] [PMID]
16. Ayers RS, Westcot DW. Water quality for agriculture: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Rome; 1985. [Google Scholar]
17. Club I. phytoremediation [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2022 Sep 2]. Available from: http://www.iran-eng.ir/ [URL]
18. Yang L. Phytoremediation: an ecotechnology for treating contaminated sites. Practice Periodical of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste Management. 2008;12(4):290-8. [DOI]
19. Meagher RB. Phytoremediation of toxic elemental and organic pollutants. Current opinion in plant biology. 2000;3(2):153-62. [DOI] [PMID]
20. Schwitzguébel JP. Hype or hope: the potential of phytoremediation as an emerging green technology. Remediation Journal: The Journal of Environmental Cleanup Costs, Technologies & Techniques. 2001;11(4):63-78. [DOI]
21. Trapp S, Karlson U. Aspects of phytoremediation of organic pollutants. Journal of Soils and Sediments. 2001;1(1):37-43. [DOI]
22. Krämer U. Phytoremediation: novel approaches to cleaning up polluted soils. Current opinion in biotechnology. 2005;16(2):133-41. [DOI] [PMID]
23. Vara Prasad MN, de Oliveira Freitas HM. Metal hyperaccumulation in plants: biodiversity prospecting for phytoremediation technology. Electronic journal of biotechnology. 2003;6(3):285-321. [DOI]
24. International Society of Environmental Botanists (ISEB) [Internet]. 2019 [cited 2022 Sep 2]. Available from: https://isebindia.com/ [URL]
25. V L, A B. Water reuse for irrigation. Agricultural Landscape, and Truf Grass. CRS press. 2005:408. [URL]
26. Fatahi kiasari A. Evaluation of phytoremediation of lead and cadmium by three sunflower plants, Corn and cotton. Master Thesis. Mashhad Ferdowsi University. 2006.
27. Entry J, Watrud L, Reeves M. Accumulation of 137Cs and 90Sr from contaminated soil by three grass species inoculated with mycorrhizal fungi. Environmental Pollution. 1999;104(3):449-57. [DOI]
28. Verma DK, Gupta AP, Dhakeray R. Removal of heavy metals from whole sphere by plants working as bioindicators-a review. Basic Res J Pham Sci. 2011;1: 1-7. [URL]
29. Majer BJ, Tscherko D, Paschke A, Wennrich R, Kundi M, Kandeler E, et al. Effects of heavy metal contamination of soils on micronucleus induction in Tradescantia and on microbial enzyme activities: a comparative investigation. Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis. 2002;515(1-2):111-24. [DOI] [PMID]
30. Shah K, Nongkynrih J. Metal hyperaccumulation and bioremediation. Biologia plantarum. 2007;51(4):618-34. [DOI]
31. A.Vasavi, R.Usha, P.M.Sawamy. Phytoremediation - an overview review. Journal of industrial pollution control. 2010:83-8. [URL]
32. Liu Y-J, Mu Y-J, Zhu Y-G, Ding H, Arens NC. Which ornamental plant species effectively remove benzene from indoor air? Atmospheric Environment. 2007;41(3):650-4. [DOI]
33. Farshadfar M, Kamari A. New phytoremediation technology to create a sustainable environment. Safety Journal. 2013;5(2):107-21. [Google Scholar]
34. Hakimi L, Farzamisepehr M. Investigation of Fe and Cu accumulation and antioxidant response of dominant plants in Sorkhe mine, Marand province. Plant Environmental Physiology Journal. 2015. [URL]
35. Abdel-Ghani N, Hefny M, El-Chaghaby GA. Removal of lead from aqueous solution using low cost abundantly available adsorbents. International Journal of Environmental Science & Technology. 2007;4(1):67-73. [DOI]
36. Mandal A, Purakayastha T, Patra A, Sanyal S. Phytoremediation of arsenic contaminated soil by Pteris vittata L. II. Effect on arsenic uptake and rice yield. International journal of phytoremediation. 2012;14(6):621-8. [DOI] [PMID]
37. Hartley‐Whitaker J, Woods C, Meharg AA. Is differential phytochelatin production related to decreased arsenate influx in arsenate tolerant Holcus lanatus? New Phytologist. 2002;155(2):219-25. [DOI]
38. Del Río-Celestino M, Font R, Moreno-Rojas R, De Haro-Bailón A. Uptake of lead and zinc by wild plants growing on contaminated soils. Industrial Crops and Products. 2006;24(3):230-7. [DOI]
39. Zhao F, Lombi E, McGrath S. Assessing the potential for zinc and cadmium phytoremediation with the hyperaccumulator Thlaspi caerulescens. Plant and soil. 2003;249(1):37-43. [DOI]
40. Biró I, Takács T. Effects of Glomus mosseae strains of different origin on plant macro-and micronutrient uptake in Cd-polluted and unpolluted soils. Acta Agronomica Hungarica. 2007;55(2):183-92. [DOI]
41. Fan H-L, Wei Z. Screening of amaranth cultivars (Amaranthus mangostanus L.) for cadmium hyperaccumulation. Agricultural Sciences in China. 2009;8(3):342-51. [DOI]
42. Drazic G, Mihailovic N, Lojic M. Cadmium accumulation in Medicago sativa seedlings treated with salicylic acid. Biologia Plantarum. 2006;50(2):239-44. [DOI]
43. Giordani C, Cecchi S, Zanchi C. Phytoremediation of soil polluted by nickel using agricultural crops. Environmental Management. 2005;36(5):675-81. [DOI] [PMID]
44. Shruthi L, Srikantaswamy S, Jagadish K, Shivakumar D, Abhilash M. Photocatalytic Degradation of Indigo Carmine Dye Using Nd2O3 Coated Tio2 Materials. [Google Scholar]
45. M J, R G, S M. efficiency of carbuncular mycorrhizal fungi and ethylene demine tetra acetic acid on nickel refining calcareous soil contaminated by sunflower. 1st National Conference on phytoremediation, International Centre for Science and High Technology and Environmental Sciences. Kerman, Iran. 2010:152-6. [URL]
46. Ghorbanli M, Farzamisepehr M, Sabohimogadam N. Screening for accumulator plants in turquoise mine, nyshabour (IRAN). 2013. [Google Scholar]
47. Pradhan SP, Conrad J, Paterek JR, Srivastava VJ. Potential of phytoremediation for treatment of PAHs in soil at MGP sites. Journal of soil contamination. 1998;7(4):467-80. [DOI]
48. Bañuelos G, Shannon M, Ajwa H, Draper J, Jordahl J, Licht J. Phytoextraction and accumulation of boron and selenium by poplar (Populus) hybrid clones. International Journal of Phytoremediation. 1999;1(1):81-96. [DOI]
49. Yu X-Z, Gu J-D. Metabolic responses of weeping willows to selenate and selenite. Environmental Science and Pollution Research-International. 2007;14(7):510-7. [DOI] [PMID]
50. Turan M, Esringu A. Phytoremediation based on canola (Brassica napus L.) and Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.) planted on spiked soil by aliquot amount of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn. Plant Soil and Environment. 2007;53(1):7. [DOI]
51. Yadav SK, Juwarkar AA, Kumar GP, Thawale PR, Singh SK, Chakrabarti T. Bioaccumulation and phyto-translocation of arsenic, chromium and zinc by Jatropha curcas L.: impact of dairy sludge and biofertilizer. Bioresource Technology. 2009;100(20):4616-22. [DOI] [PMID]
52. Anwer S, Ashraf MY, Hussain M, Ashraf M, Jamil A. Citric acid mediated phytoextraction of cadmium by maize (Zea mays L.). Pak J Bot. 2012;44(6):1831-6. [URL]
53. Moreno-Jiménez E, Gamarra R, Carpena-Ruiz R, Millán R, Peñalosa J, Esteban E. Mercury bioaccumulation and phytotoxicity in two wild plant species of Almadén area. Chemosphere. 2006;63(11):1969-73. [DOI] [PMID]
54. Sciencedaily. Biology News [Internet]. ScienceDaily. 2022 [cited 2022 Sep 2]. Available from: https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/plants_animals/biology/ [URL]
55. Stojanović MD, Mihajlović ML, Milojković JV, Lopičić ZR, Adamović M, Stanković S. Efficient phytoremediation of uranium mine tailings by tobacco. Environmental chemistry letters. 2012;10(4):377-81. [DOI]
56. Vandenhove H, Van Hees M. Phytoextraction for clean-up of low-level uranium contaminated soil evaluated. Journal of environmental radioactivity. 2004;72(1-2):41-5. [DOI] [PMID]
57. Kumar JN, Soni H, Kumar RN, Bhatt I. Macrophytes in phytoremediation of heavy metal contaminated water and sediments in Pariyej Community Reserve, Gujarat, India. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 2008;8(2). [Google Scholar]
58. Dudhane M, Borde M, Jite PK. Effect of aluminium toxicity on growth responses and antioxidant activities in Gmelina arborea Roxb. inoculated with AM fungi. International journal of phytoremediation. 2012;14(7):643-55. [DOI] [PMID]
59. Mokhtari M, Rafati L, Mohammadi A. Biotechnology in the environment. Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Yazd. Avaye Ghalam Publications. . 2019:172-85. [URL]
60. Johnson D, Anderson D, McGrath S. Soil microbial response during the phytoremediation of a PAH contaminated soil. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 2005;37(12):2334-6. [DOI]
61. Hooda V. Phytoremediation of toxic metals from soil and waste water. Journal of Environmental Biology. 2007;28(2):367. [Google Scholar]
62. Dolphen R, Thiravetyan P. Phytodegradation of ethanolamines by Cyperus alternifolius: effect of molecular size. International journal of phytoremediation. 2015;17(7):686-92. [DOI] [PMID]
63. Raskin I, Smith RD, Salt DE. Phytoremediation of metals: using plants to remove pollutants from the environment. Current opinion in biotechnology. 1997;8(2):221-6. [DOI] [PMID]
64. Hong Y, Liao D, Chen J, Khan S, Su J, Li H. A comprehensive study of the impact of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) contamination on salt marsh plants Spartina alterniflora: implication for plant-microbe interactions in phytoremediation. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2015;22(9):7071-81. [DOI] [PMID]
65. Pivetz BE. Phytoremediation of Contaminated Soil and Ground Water at Hazardous Waste Sites [Internet]. 2001. Available from: https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2015-06/documents/epa_540_s01_500.pdf [URL]
66. Rock S B. Pivetz K. Madalinski NA, Wilson T. Introduction to Phytoremediation. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., EPA/600/R-99/107 (NTIS PB2000-106690), 2000. [Google Scholar]
67. Gaur A, Adholeya A. Prospects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in phytoremediation of heavy metal contaminated soils. Current Science. 2004:528-34. [Google Scholar]
68. Dixit R, Malaviya D, Pandiyan K, Singh UB, Sahu A, Shukla R, et al. Bioremediation of heavy metals from soil and aquatic environment: an overview of principles and criteria of fundamental processes. Sustainability. 2015;7(2):2189-212. [DOI]
69. Mesjasz-Przybyłowicz J, Nakonieczny M, Migula P, Augustyniak M, Tarnawska M, Reimold W, et al. Uptake of cadmium, lead nickel and zinc from soil and water solutions by the nickel hyperaccumulator Berkheya coddii. Acta Biol Cracoviensia Ser Bot. 2004;46:75-85. [Google Scholar]
70. Willey N. Phytoremediation: methods and reviews: Springer Science & Business Media; 2007. [DOI]
71. Raskin I, Ensley BD. Phytoremediation of toxic metals: John Wiley and Sons; 2000. [Google Scholar]
72. Farzamisepehr M, Hani A. Phytoremediation: A green achievement for purgation of darkness. Journal of Iranian Plant Ecophysiological Research. 2017;11(44):88-100. [Google Scholar]
73. von Sperling M. Comparison among the most frequently used systems for wastewater treatment in developing countries. Water science and technology. 1996;33(3):59-72. [DOI]
74. Cheng XY, Liang MQ, Chen WY, Liu XC, Chen ZH. Growth and contaminant removal effect of several plants in constructed wetlands. Journal of Integrative Plant Biology. 2009;51(3):325-35. [DOI] [PMID]
75. Brix H, Schierup H-H. The use of aquatic macrophytes in water-pollution control. Ambio. 1989;28(2):100-7. [Google Scholar]
76. Reed S, Parten S, Matzen G, Pohrent R. Water reuse for sludge management and wetland habitat. Water Science and Technology. 1996;33(10-11):213-9. [DOI]
77. GA M. Constructed wetlands for water quality improvement. CRC Press. 1993:10-25. [URL]
78. UN-HABITAT CWM. UN-HABITAT Water for Asian Cities Programme Nepal. Kathmandu; 2008. [URL]
79. Reed SC, Crites RW, Middlebrooks EJ. Natural systems for waste management and treatment: McGraw-Hill, Inc.; 1995. [Google Scholar]
80. Hammer DA. Constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment: municipal, industrial and agricultural: CRC Press; 2020. [DOI]
81. Tordoff G, Baker A, Willis A. Current approaches to the revegetation and reclamation of metalliferous mine wastes. Chemosphere. 2000;41(1-2):219-28. [DOI] [PMID]
82. United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), Phytoremediation of contaminated soil ground water at hazardous waste sites. 2001. [Google Books]
83. Conesa HM, Faz Á, Arnaldos R. Initial studies for the phytostabilization of a mine tailing from the Cartagena-La :union: Mining District (SE Spain). Chemosphere. 2007;66(1):38-44. [DOI] [PMID]
84. United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), introduction to phytoremediation. 2000. [Google Books]
85. Ghosh M, Singh S. A review on phytoremediation of heavy metals and utilization of it's by products. Asian J Energy Environ. 2005;6(4):18. [Google Scholar]
86. Tangahu BV, Sheikh Abdullah SR, Basri H, Idris M, Anuar N, Mukhlisin M. A review on heavy metals (As, Pb, and Hg) uptake by plants through phytoremediation. International Journal of Chemical Engineering. 2011;2011. [DOI]
87. Thompson P, Kwamena N-O, Ilin M, Wilk M, Clark I. Levels of tritium in soils and vegetation near Canadian nuclear facilities releasing tritium to the atmosphere: implications for environmental models. Journal of environmental radioactivity. 2015;140:105-13. [DOI] [PMID]
88. Pilon-Smits E. Phytoremediation., Annual Review of Plant Biology. 2005. [DOI] [PMID]
89. Chauhan A. Photosynthetic pigment changes in some selected trees induced by automobile exhaust in Dehradun, Uttarakhand. New York Science Journal. 2010;3(2):45-51. [Google Scholar]
90. Abdullah C, Iqbal M. Response of automobiles, stone and cement particulate matters on stomatal clogging of plants. Geobios. 1991;18(5-6):196-202. [Google Scholar]
91. Khan AG. Mycorrhizoremediation-an enhanced form of phytoremediation. Journal of Zhejiang University Science B. 2006;7(7):503-14. [DOI] [PMID] [PMCID]
92. Diaz G, Azcón-Aguilar C, Honrubia M. Influence of arbuscular mycorrhizae on heavy metal (Zn and Pb) uptake and growth of Lygeum spartum and Anthyllis cytisoides. Plant and Soil. 1996;180(2):241-9. [DOI]
93. Göhre V, Paszkowski U. Contribution of the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis to heavy metal phytoremediation. Planta. 2006;223(6):1115-22. [DOI] [PMID]
94. Joner E, Leyval C. Time-course of heavy metal uptake in maize and clover as affected by root density and different mycorrhizal inoculation regimes. Biology and Fertility of Soils. 2001;33(5):351-7. [DOI]
95. Killham Ka, Firestone M. Vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal mediation of grass response to acidic and heavy metal depositions. Plant and soil. 1983;72(1):39-48. [DOI]
96. Chen B, Shen H, Li X, Feng G, Christie P. Effects of EDTA application and arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization on growth and zinc uptake by maize (Zea mays L.) in soil experimentally contaminated with zinc. Plant and Soil. 2004;261(1):219-29. [DOI]
97. Christie P, Li X, Chen B. Arbuscular mycorrhiza can depress translocation of zinc to shoots of host plants in soils moderately polluted with zinc. Plant and Soil. 2004;261(1):209-17. [DOI]
98. Wang FY, Lin XG, Yin R. Effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal inoculation on heavy metal accumulation of maize grown in a naturally contaminated soil. International Journal of Phytoremediation. 2007;9(4):345-53. [DOI] [PMID]
99. Weissenhorn I, Leyval C, Belgy G, Berthelin J. Arbuscular mycorrhizal contribution to heavy metal uptake by maize (Zea mays L.) in pot culture with contaminated soil. Mycorrhiza. 1995;5(4):245-51. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00204957 [DOI]
100. Li L, Xu Z, Wu J, Tian G. Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in the earthworm Eisenia fetida in relation to bioavailable metal concentrations in pig manure. Bioresource technology. 2010;101(10):3430-6. [DOI] [PMID]
101. Schreck E, Geret F, Gontier L, Treilhou M. Neurotoxic effect and metabolic responses induced by a mixture of six pesticides on the earthworm Aporrectodea caliginosa nocturna. Chemosphere. 2008;71(10):1832-9. [DOI] [PMID]
102. Nahmani J, Hodson ME, Black S. A review of studies performed to assess metal uptake by earthworms. Environmental pollution. 2007;145(2):402-24. [DOI] [PMID]
103. Spurgeon DJ, Hopkin S. Extrapolation of the laboratory-based OECD earthworm toxicity test to metal-contaminated field sites. Ecotoxicology. 1995;4(3):190-205. [DOI] [PMID]
104. Žaltauskaitė J, Sodienė I. Effects of total cadmium and lead concentrations in soil on the growth, reproduction and survival of earthworm Eisenia fetida. Ekologija. 2010;56(1-2):10-6. [DOI]
105. Farooqi Z, Iqbal MZ, Kabir M, Shafiq M. Toxic effects of lead and cadmium on germination and seedling growth of Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth. Pak J Bot. 2009;41(1):27-33. [Google Scholar]
106. Wolkowski RP. Nitrogen management considerations for landspreading municipal solid waste compost. Journal of environmental quality. 2003;32(5):1844-50. [DOI] [PMID]
107. Khaled H, Fawy HA. Effect of different levels of humic acids on the nutrient content, plant growth, and soil properties under conditions of salinity. Soil and Water Research. 2011;6(1):21-9. [DOI]
108. Bohn H, McNeal B, O'Connor G. Aluminium and transition metals. Soil Chemistry (2nd ed) A Wiley-Interscience publ, New York. 1985. [URL]
109. Wong J, Ma K, Fang K, Cheung C. Utilization of a manure compost for organic farming in Hong Kong. Bioresource Technology. 1999;67(1):43-6. [DOI]
110. Aggelides S, Londra P. Effects of compost produced from town wastes and sewage sludge on the physical properties of a loamy and a clay soil. Bioresource technology. 2000;71(3):253-9. [DOI]
111. de Mora AP, Ortega-Calvo JJ, Cabrera F, Madejón E. Changes in enzyme activities and microbial biomass after "in situ" remediation of a heavy metal-contaminated soil. Applied soil ecology. 2005;28(2):125-37. [DOI]
112. Hernández-Apaolaza L, Gascó AM, Gascó JM, Guerrero F. Reuse of waste materials as growing media for ornamental plants. Bioresource technology. 2005;96(1):125-31. [DOI] [PMID]

Add your comments about this article : Your username or Email:
CAPTCHA

Send email to the article author


Rights and permissions
Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

© 2024 All Rights Reserved | Health Science Monitor

Designed & Developed by : Yektaweb