@article{ author = {KazempourDizaji, Mehdi and Varahram, Mohammad and Roozbahani, Rahim and Abedini, Atefe and Zare, Ali and Kiani, Arda and Emamhadi, Mohammad Ali and AlizedehKolahdozi, Niloufar and Nadji, Syeyd Alireza and Marjani, Maji}, title = {Simulation of COVID-19 disease epidemic in Iran based on SIR model}, abstract ={Background & Aims:  The spread of the COVID-19 virus is currently considered the most important global health challenge. Therefore, it is very important to study and simulate the patterns of spread of this disease based on mathematical models. This study aimed to simulate the COVID-19 epidemic based on the SIR model, in Iran. Materials & Methods: In this study, the COVID-19 epidemic was simulated based on the susceptible-infected-recovered (SIR) mathematical model. According to the parameters of this model, different scenarios for this disease were examined. Finally, the simulation of the COVID-19 epidemic based on the values of these parameters was presented for Iran. Results: According to the results of this study, with increasing the level of social restrictions and health measures, the reproductive rate of COVID-19 decreased, and also with access to effective medicines and vaccines, the recovery rate of this disease increased, and fewer people became infected. Moreover, results showed that with the continuation of social restrictions and attention to health issues by the people in Iran, the peak of COVID-19 is seen within 50 days from the beginning of the epidemic also about 5% of the population is affected by this disease. The end of the initial wave of the disease was predicted at least 100 days after the onset of the epidemic. Conclusion: A simulation study to evaluate the prevalence of COVID-19 will provide comprehensive and complete information about the role of health care measures and social restrictions to prevent the spread of this disease to health researchers.  }, Keywords = {COVID-19, Simulation, Mathematical modeling, SIR model, Epidemic, Prediction}, volume = {1}, Number = {1}, pages = {1-9}, publisher = {Urmia University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.52547/hsm.1.1.1}, url = {http://hsm.umsu.ac.ir/article-1-49-en.html}, eprint = {http://hsm.umsu.ac.ir/article-1-49-en.pdf}, journal = {Health Science Monitor}, issn = {}, eissn = {2980-8723}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Shamoogardiani, Ehsan and Navidjouy, Nahi}, title = {Phytoremediation of heavy metals polluted environments}, abstract ={The rapid industrial development and agricultural growth and the indiscriminate production of pollutants have faced problems for human societies and the environment. Accumulation and pollution of heavy metals in the environment are the main important problems that as a result of human activities through extraction from ore and processing for various applications has led to the release of these elements in the environment. Heavy metals are non-biodegradable, so they could accumulate in the environment and subsequently contaminate the food chain. Some heavy metals are known as carcinogens, endocrine disruptors and mutagens, and this is a serious threat for human health. Therefore, today, the removal of heavy metal pollutions from the environment has been received special attention by researchers. In the application of physicochemical methods for this purpose, there will be serious limitations such as the need for chemical substances, high cost, the need for specialized equipment and skills, changes in soil characteristics, and disruption of native soil microflora. In contrast, phytoremediation is a better solution to the problem. The use of plants and natural soil microbes to reduce the concentration or toxic effects of pollutants in the environment is called phytoremediation. It is considered as a cost-effective, efficient, new, environmentally friendly and highly adoptable technology. New efficient metal superaccumulator plants are being investigated for applications in phytoremediation and plant extraction. This review article comprehensively discusses the background, concepts, processes and mechanisms in plant remediation of heavy metals.}, Keywords = {Environmental pollution, Heavy metals, Phytoremediation, Environmentally friendly}, volume = {1}, Number = {1}, pages = {10-23}, publisher = {Urmia University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.52547/hsm.1.1.10}, url = {http://hsm.umsu.ac.ir/article-1-51-en.html}, eprint = {http://hsm.umsu.ac.ir/article-1-51-en.pdf}, journal = {Health Science Monitor}, issn = {}, eissn = {2980-8723}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Khatami, Seyyed Hossein and Movahedpour, Ahmad and Taheri-Anganeh, Mortaz}, title = {Serological and RT-PCR diagnosis approaches for COVID-19}, abstract ={The Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, caused COVID-19, is a pandemic disease and recently become dangerous to humans in all over the world. There is no efficient medicine for treatment of infected patients, and thousands of people are dying. Real Time-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) is a gold standard assay for COVID-19 diagnosis. Currently, RT-PCR assay is the routine method for detecting COVID-19, and several specific primers for different genes of SARS-CoV-2 are used. However, RT-PCR is not a perfect test, and its reliability depends on the sampling quality and accuracy of the equipment. Mutation occurrence in the virus genome and impurity in extracted RNA samples of the virus might lead to false results. Many efforts are carried out to detect SARS-CoV-2 according to various serological methods such as Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), colloidal gold-based, and chemiluminescence assays. Finally, the combination of molecular methods like RT-PCR and serological assays such as ELISA can improve the validity and reliability of aforementioned tests. Here, we summarize the results of some molecular and serologic tests for SARS-CoV-2 detection.  }, Keywords = {Diagnosis, Biotechnology, Bioproducts, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, ELISA}, volume = {1}, Number = {1}, pages = {24-31}, publisher = {Urmia University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.52547/hsm.1.1.24}, url = {http://hsm.umsu.ac.ir/article-1-52-en.html}, eprint = {http://hsm.umsu.ac.ir/article-1-52-en.pdf}, journal = {Health Science Monitor}, issn = {}, eissn = {2980-8723}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Nikoomanesh, Mahdi and Derakhshani, Naser and Maleki, Mohammadreza and Ehsani, Faramarz}, title = {Hoteling medical consumables in the Inpatient emergency department, cost or income? A prospective observational study}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Estimates and available statistics indicate that, on average, 20% to 30% of the costs of a hospitalized patient are related to drugs and consumables, and on the other hand, more than 95% of treatment processes depend on drugs and medical supplies. Consumption requirements for the inpatients are divided into two main categories: 1) Consumption requirements are mentioned with the same name and with a specific number and price in the patient's invoice. 2) Hoteling consumption requirements that the number and amount of this consumption requirements are not recorded anywhere in the patient's file, and the costs of this consumption are covered by three percent of the six percent of nursing services. Materials & Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was performed as a prospective observation in the inpatient emergency department of 'Hazrate Rasoole Akram Hospital in Tehran in the second half of 2018, and 898 patients were monitored. Results: The study ward had 40 inpatient bed counts, where 898 patients were admitted and hospitalized. The Inpatient Bed Occupancy Rate was over 100%, and the inpatient bed count day was 1706. The frequency distribution of hospitalized patients was 47 different diseases. The cost of their hoteling consumables was 976,776,808 Rials that 186,909,360 Rials of those costs were collected from various insurance deposits and cash receipts, and the rest of the costs, which was equivalent to 81% of the cost of hoteling consumables in December, remained uncollected. Conclusion: Considering that the cost of Hoteling consumption requirements is provided as 3% of the 6% of nursing services, and on the other hand, the list of Hoteling consumption requirements in different insurances and hospital revenue units is not clear, it is suggested: Firstly, a complete and telling list of hoteling medical consumables should be prepared and communicated, and secondly, according to the existing inflation and the inadequacy of the daily bed tariff and market conditions, the relevant percentage should be adjusted to cover the costs.  }, Keywords = {Hoteling consumption requirements, hospitalized patients, emergency department}, volume = {1}, Number = {1}, pages = {32-38}, publisher = {Urmia University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.52547/hsm.1.1.32}, url = {http://hsm.umsu.ac.ir/article-1-41-en.html}, eprint = {http://hsm.umsu.ac.ir/article-1-41-en.pdf}, journal = {Health Science Monitor}, issn = {}, eissn = {2980-8723}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Namnik, Neda and Amirmohseni, Leila and mohamad, sabaghan and Veisi, Ali and Ghorbanian, Azimeh}, title = {Students\' perception of learning and educational environment in Behbahan Faculty of Medical Sciences}, abstract ={Background & Aims:  Learning is a complex process in which various factors are involved. The quality of the educational environment is one of the most important factors indicating the quality of education and students' learning. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the learning environment for students of Behbahan Faculty of Medical sciences. Materials & Methods: This descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study was conducted at Behbahan Faculty of Medical Sciences with 115 students. Dundee Ready Education Environment Measure (DREEM) model was used for data collection that obtained 50 questions in five domains, including students' perceptions of learning, teachers' perceptions of teachers, students' academic self-perceptions, and students' perceptions of educational atmosphere and students' social self-perceptions. Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation) and one-way ANOVA. Results: The mean score of the overall DREEM score was 150.28 +13.03 out of a maximum of 200, showing favorable educational quality (75%). The lowest DREEM score was 64% in students' perceptions of learning, and the highest DREEM score was 79% in both students' perceptions of the professors and students' perceptions of the educational atmosphere. The mean difference for the DREEM subscale scores in different fields of study was statistically significant in all DREEM domains (p <0.05). Conclusion: Overall, the finding of this study showed that the educational environment of Behbahan Faculty of Medical Sciences was assessed as favorable by the majority of the students. But, considering the difference in results in different fields of study, the strengths and weaknesses of disciplines should be considered to improve the educational environments.  }, Keywords = {Educational environment, Students' perception, DREEM Questionnaire}, volume = {1}, Number = {1}, pages = {39-46}, publisher = {Urmia University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.52547/hsm.1.1.39}, url = {http://hsm.umsu.ac.ir/article-1-42-en.html}, eprint = {http://hsm.umsu.ac.ir/article-1-42-en.pdf}, journal = {Health Science Monitor}, issn = {}, eissn = {2980-8723}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Marzban, Ameneh}, title = {People\'s attitudes toward aging in Fasa city, 2021}, abstract ={Background & Aims:  Aging is a vital phenomenon that happens to everyone. In different cultures, there are diverse beliefs and attitudes towards aging. This study aimed to determine the attitude of Fasa residents towards the elderly. Materials & Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 800 individuals between 13 and 60 years old by cluster sampling. The data collection tool was Kogan's Attitude Survey. Data were analyzed using paired t-test, independent t-test, Pearson correlation coefficient, and ANOVA by spss24 software. Results: The mean and standard deviation of the age of participants was 41.7 ± 5.17. The score mean of attitude toward the elderly was 117.34 ± 9.75. 51.34% of the individual had a positive attitude, and 49.66% had a negative attitude toward aging. There was a significant relationship between gender and attitude toward the elderly (P = 0.001), positive and negative attitude (P=0.002), and mean attitude scores in terms of marital status in both sexes (P<0.05). Conclusion: The results showed that the community's view of the elderly has become more negative than in the past. Cultural change and the influence of different cultures on the country have led to a negative attitude towards the elderly. We can make people ready to accept the elderly in the coming years by educating families properly from childhood and at school.}, Keywords = {Aging, Culture influences, Kogan's Attitude, Fasa}, volume = {1}, Number = {1}, pages = {47-52}, publisher = {Urmia University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.52547/hsm.1.1.47}, url = {http://hsm.umsu.ac.ir/article-1-40-en.html}, eprint = {http://hsm.umsu.ac.ir/article-1-40-en.pdf}, journal = {Health Science Monitor}, issn = {}, eissn = {2980-8723}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Bagheri, Azam and Nasiri, Saeideh and Simbar, Masoumeh and Saberi, Farzaneh}, title = {Challenges of midwifery services in the health reform plan in Iran: A qualitative study}, abstract ={Background & Aims:  Improving the health reform plan implementation in terms of quality of health services and fulfilling the goals requires a review of the status quo of midwifery services and identification of their strengths, weaknesses, and challenges, especially in the health sector. The present study was conducted to investigate and comprehensively understand the challenges of midwifery services in the primary health care(PHC) system and provide recommendations for improving midwifery services. Materials & Methods: This Qualitative descriptive design study selected 44key informants using purposive sampling and collected their views on midwifery positions and midwifery tasks performed in the PHC system through semi-structured interviews conducted in 2015-16. These informants included 12 midwives, 10 public health experts, 10 faculty members, and 12 managers and officials, who worked in educational and healthcare centers affiliated with Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran. The transcribed interviews were analyzed in MaxQDA-10 using conventional content analysis. Results: After analysis, the data of this study were classified into 14 categories and 6 themes. From the participants' point of view, the midwifery services challenges of the health system transformation plan in the field of health were: policymaking and management, rights, referral system, satisfaction, costs, and development and promotion. Most of the extracted codes are related to policymaking and management. Conclusion: The present findings showed the midwifery sector needs in the Iranian health system for reforms. It is recommended that the role of faculties in training human resources for the health sector be emphasized and new training requirements be integrated into the curriculum by educational departments promptly.}, Keywords = {Midwifery, health services, Primary Health Care, qualitative study}, volume = {1}, Number = {1}, pages = {53-63}, publisher = {Urmia University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.52547/hsm.1.1.53}, url = {http://hsm.umsu.ac.ir/article-1-43-en.html}, eprint = {http://hsm.umsu.ac.ir/article-1-43-en.pdf}, journal = {Health Science Monitor}, issn = {}, eissn = {2980-8723}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {KazempourDizaji, Mehdi and Marjani, Majid and Tabarsi, Payam and Varahram, Mohammad and Zare, Ali and Emamhadi, Mohammad Ali and Roozbahani, Rahim and Abedini, Atefe and hBaghaeiShiva, Parvane and Moniri, Afshin and Madani, Mohammadrez}, title = {Modeling the survival of patients with tuberculosis based on the model of artificial neural networks}, abstract ={Background & Aims:  The development of treatment methods and increasing the survival of patients with tuberculosis (TB) has led to the complication of relationships between independent and dependent variables associated with this disease. Therefore, it is important to use new methods to model the TB process that can accurately estimate the current situation. This study aimed to model the survival of patients with tuberculosis based on the model of perceptron artificial multilayer neural network (MLP-ANN). Materials and Methods: In this retrospective cohort study, the data was collected from 2366 TB patients who were treated in Dr. Masih Daneshvari Hospital in Tehran from 2005 to 2015. To model the predictive power of survival in TB patients, an MLP-ANN model consisting of three layers was applied. Results: The results of this study showed that based on the MLP-ANN model, the correct predictive power of survival in TB patients is 88.4%. In this study, the variables of patients' age and family size as very effective variables also variables of patients’ gender, marital status, education, adverse drug effects, exposure to cigarette smoke, imprisonment, pulmonary tuberculosis, and AIDS as effective variables in predicting the survival of patients were diagnosed. Conclusion: In the model of artificial neural networks, no restrictions are considered for the data structure and the type of relationship between variables. Therefore, these models with their flexibility and high accuracy can be one of the best methods for modeling health data.}, Keywords = {Perceptron artificial neural network, Survival, Tuberculosis, Modeling}, volume = {1}, Number = {1}, pages = {64-73}, publisher = {Urmia University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.52547/hsm.1.1.64}, url = {http://hsm.umsu.ac.ir/article-1-48-en.html}, eprint = {http://hsm.umsu.ac.ir/article-1-48-en.pdf}, journal = {Health Science Monitor}, issn = {}, eissn = {2980-8723}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Radvar, Mohammad and Zolfi, Ali and Fakour, Zahra and Farhadi, Erf}, title = {Epidemiology of clinical findings and outcome in neonates with congenital heart disease}, abstract ={Background & Aims:  Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common congenital anomaly, accounting for 28% of all congenital anomalies in infants. The present study was performed to determine the frequency, demographic characteristics, and clinical outcomes in neonates with CHD. Materials & Methods: This cross-sectional, descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 341 neonates with CHD admitted to Motahhari Hospital in Urmia (Iran) during 2014-2020. The obtained data were statistically analyzed by SPSS. Results: Based on the results, the prevalence of CHD was 17 per 1000 live births, equal to 1.7%. The mean age of patients was 5.13 ± 6.41 days. Regarding gender, 61% of patients were boys, and 39% were girls. The mean birth weight and the mean gestational age of the patients were 3079.56 ± 735.547 gr and 37.14 ± 2.232 weeks, respectively. Also, the mean length of hospital stay was 5.87 ± 3.568 days. Ventricular septal defect, atrial septal defect, patent ductus arteriosus, coarctation of the aorta, and transposition of the great arteries were detected in 29.9%, 19.1%, 11.4%, 9.1%, and 7.6% of the patients, respectively. Mortality was found in 23.8% of patients. In addition, 51.02% presented with respiratory distress, 34.31% with cyanosis, and 9.3% with a heart murmur. Conclusion: CHD is a common congenital anomaly in hospitalized neonates. Intraventricular and atrial wall defects are the most frequent congenital disease in neonates with CHD, especially in the male gender.}, Keywords = {Anomaly, Congenital heart disease, Neonates}, volume = {1}, Number = {2}, pages = {74-80}, publisher = {Urmia University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.52547/hsm.1.2.74}, url = {http://hsm.umsu.ac.ir/article-1-67-en.html}, eprint = {http://hsm.umsu.ac.ir/article-1-67-en.pdf}, journal = {Health Science Monitor}, issn = {}, eissn = {2980-8723}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Khademi, Mehrnaz and Vashani, Ariya and Osmani, Freshteh}, title = {Prevalence of bruxism and its related factors in Students at Birjand University of Medical Science in 2019}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Bruxism, known as human oral parafunctional habit, can be performed consciously or unconsciously during the day and night. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of bruxism and its related factors in students at Birjand University of Medicals Sciences (Birjand, Iran) in 2019. Materials & Methods: In this descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study, 659 students were selected. The instruments used were the Persian version of the Bruxism Questionnaire from the American Academy of Sleep Medicine and Emotional Stress Questionnaire Association and that of the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Questionnaire (DASS-21). After collecting, all data were analyzed by the SPSS (p < 0.05).  Results: In this study, 63% and 37% of students were female and male, respectively. The prevalence of bruxism in students was 31.1%. This value was significantly high in the students who had a history of bruxism in their family members (p < 0.05). Also, there was a significant relationship of age and stress with bruxism (p < 0.05), but relationship of gender, depression, and anxiety with bruxism was insignificant (p > 0.05). Conclusion: The factors associated with bruxism were stress, family history, and age. Hence, it is suggested to consider stress as one of the important risk factors in the development of bruxism. By controlling this problem, bruxism and its subsequent results can be controlled.}, Keywords = {Bruxism, Prevalence, Stress, Student}, volume = {1}, Number = {2}, pages = {81-88}, publisher = {Urmia University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.52547/hsm.1.2.81}, url = {http://hsm.umsu.ac.ir/article-1-65-en.html}, eprint = {http://hsm.umsu.ac.ir/article-1-65-en.pdf}, journal = {Health Science Monitor}, issn = {}, eissn = {2980-8723}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Nourani, Aynaz and Rahimkhoei, Vahid and Akbari, Ali}, title = {Potential therapeutic drug candidates against SARS-CoV-2 (COVID‐19) through molecular docking: A review}, abstract ={The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (known as COVID-19), initially appeared in the Wuhan city of China in December 2019, has become a current medical issue around the world. Due to its highly contagious nature, COVID-19 has spread widely to all countries. As no effective treatment or vaccine is developed for this infectious disease, preventive measures are the only mandatory strategy to stop its human-to-human transmission. In the present spread of COVID-19, the discovery of antiviral drugs is crucially important as the development of these drugs often takes time. However, no specific drug has yet been approved for COVID-19. In this review, we focus on the available drug candidates used for the treatment of infections caused by COVID-19 to identify potential inhibitors through molecular docking.}, Keywords = {Antiviral drug, COVID-19, Inhibitors, Molecular docking, SARS COV-2}, volume = {1}, Number = {2}, pages = {89-106}, publisher = {Urmia University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.52547/hsm.1.2.89}, url = {http://hsm.umsu.ac.ir/article-1-61-en.html}, eprint = {http://hsm.umsu.ac.ir/article-1-61-en.pdf}, journal = {Health Science Monitor}, issn = {}, eissn = {2980-8723}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Marzban, Ameneh and Marzban, Abdolrazagh and Emami, Payam}, title = {Does Ganoderma lucidum reduce obesity?}, abstract ={Dear Editor: Appetite is regulated in humans through the interaction between the central nervous system and peripheral hormones. This process involves a delicate balance in external stimuli, circulating satiating and appetite-stimulating hormones, and correct functioning of neuronal signals. Any changes in this equilibrium can cause an imbalance in energy intake versus expenditure, often leading to overeating and potential weight gain resulting in overweight or obesity (1). Drug therapies with some antibiotics and prebiotics have been used to manage obesity and related metabolic disorders, but to no avail. Fungi are important because of their high fiber. One of the most intriguing medicinal mushrooms is the Basidiomycete fungus Ganoderma lucidum, which has been utilized for centuries to promote health and longevity. Ganoderma lucidum can be employed for weight loss and fitness with regular consumption. It is one of the most amazing and miraculous fungi found in nature in different colors, such as red, white, and bright yellow. Ganoderma fungi have different species, each of which is suitable for specific conditions. This fungus is among the most effective herbal medicines applied in traditional Chinese medicine and is still considered by countless people. Ganoderma is a herbal medicine used to bring health and well-being (2). Ganoderma contains active compounds that affect the body's metabolism. By increasing metabolism, more energy is consumed, preventing fat accumulation and obesity. When metabolism increases to a desired extent, it will lead to weight loss. Ganoderma allows more oxygen to be delivered to the body's cells through the blood, thereby elevating metabolism in the body (3). According to recent research on Ganoderma extract, researchers have found that Ganoderma is very effective in those on a high-fat diet, helping to lose weight and fat, reducing inflammation, promoting good gut bacteria, and reducing the risk of insulin resistance. As an example, people with autoimmune diseases such as lupus become obese and overweight after a while due to the use of hormones. In this case, consuming Ganoderma fungus helps the patient takes less medicine by strengthening and regulating the immune system, leading to weight loss (4). Kidney failure, heart disease, and heart problems cause excess water to build up in the body. In this situation, consuming Ganoderma fungus and improving the disease can help the patient lose weight by removing excess water from the body (5). Ganoderma lucidum has little effect on the weight of those who follow a normal diet. Therefore, it cannot be considered specifically as a weight loss drug. However, if the diet is improper, or obesity is due to chemical drugs, Ganoderma can be fully trusted in this regard. Even if a person does not have a specific complication, Ganoderma can be very effective in weight loss along with other factors, such as diet and exercise, by strengthening the immune system and improving metabolism.  }, Keywords = {Ganoderma lucidum, Obesity, Weight}, volume = {1}, Number = {2}, pages = {107-108}, publisher = {Urmia University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.52547/hsm.1.2.107}, url = {http://hsm.umsu.ac.ir/article-1-46-en.html}, eprint = {http://hsm.umsu.ac.ir/article-1-46-en.pdf}, journal = {Health Science Monitor}, issn = {}, eissn = {2980-8723}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Rostami, Mehrdad and Bozorgomid, Arezoo and Mirahmadi, Hadi and Raeghi, Saber}, title = {Molecular phylogenetic identification of Blastocystis sp. isolated from humans in the Northwest of Iran}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Blastocystis sp. is a common parasite of humans with a vast variety of nonhuman hosts and global distribution. Based on molecular methods, distinct subtypes are isolated from different hosts. In this study, we detected human-isolated Blastocystis subtypes in the northwestern of Iran. Materials & Methods: A total of 600 stool samples referred to health centers in Urmia and Maragheh cities in the northwest of Iran was randomly collected and examined using direct wet mount, formalin-ether concentration, a modified version of the Ziehl–Neelsen staining technique for the detection of parasitological items and using barcoding method (18S rRNA gene) for the molecular survey. Results: From 600 samples studied, 496 (82.7%) and 104 (17.3%) were male and female, respectively. Three subtypes, including ST1, ST2 and ST3, were identified from collected samples, and the frequent subtypes were ST3, ST1, and ST2, respectively. Conclusion: While genetic similarity of Blastocystis isolated from human and animal did not show in this region, the zoonotic cycle of this parasite, probably by fecal contamination, exists in the study area. By identifying Blastocystis subtypes, it is possible to prevent the transmission and related complications.}, Keywords = {Blastocystis sp., 18S rRNA, Northwestern of Iran}, volume = {1}, Number = {2}, pages = {109-115}, publisher = {Urmia University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.52547/hsm.1.2.109}, url = {http://hsm.umsu.ac.ir/article-1-73-en.html}, eprint = {http://hsm.umsu.ac.ir/article-1-73-en.pdf}, journal = {Health Science Monitor}, issn = {}, eissn = {2980-8723}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {KazempourDizaji, Mehdi and Moniri, Afshin and Roozbahani, Rahim and Varahram, Mohammad and Tabarsi, Payam and Zare, Ali and BaghaeiShiva, Parvaneh and Abedini, Atefe and Marjani, Majid and Madani, Mohammadreza and Kiani, Arda and Emamhadi, Mohammad Ali and Kolahdozi, Niloufar Alizadeh}, title = {Application of artificial neural network model in studying the mechanism of disease relapse event in patients with tuberculosis}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Today, due to progressing technology and improving the standard of living of humans, the study of diseases has become more complex. This complexity has led to using new methods, such as the model of artificial neural networks (ANNs), to study many chronic diseases, especially tuberculosis (TB). The present study aimed to investigate the mechanism of disease relapse events by applying a multilayer perceptron artificial neural network (MLP-ANN) model among TB patients. Materials & Methods: This retrospective cohort study examined information of 4,564 TB patients treated in Masih Daneshvari Hospital, Tehran, Iran, from 2005 to 2015. TB disease relapse was considered as a study event, and the relapse mechanism was investigated using an MLP-ANN model consisting of three layers. Results: Based on an MLP-ANN model comprising three layers, the power to accurately predict disease relapse in TB patients was 96%. Also, variables of family size, adverse effects of exposure to cigarette smoke, patient age, and education as very effective factors, and marital status, history of drug use, imprisonment, pulmonary TB, diabetes, and AIDS as effective factors were identified in predicting the mechanism of TB disease relapse. Conclusion: Using an ANN model in the study of TB relapse due to its flexibility and high predictive accuracy can clarify any ambiguous aspects of this disease.  }, Keywords = {Artificial neural networks, Perceptron, Relapse, Tuberculosis}, volume = {1}, Number = {2}, pages = {116-124}, publisher = {Urmia University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.52547/hsm.1.2.116}, url = {http://hsm.umsu.ac.ir/article-1-59-en.html}, eprint = {http://hsm.umsu.ac.ir/article-1-59-en.pdf}, journal = {Health Science Monitor}, issn = {}, eissn = {2980-8723}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Shirani, Fatemeh and Javadzadeh, Ali and rahaeebakhshizadiabdo, abdolrezahizadiabdo}, title = {Epidemiology and clinical outcome and its main determinants among patients with inflammatory myositis}, abstract ={Background & Aims: Despite the proper understanding of pathophysiological aspects and recent development in therapeutic approaches, the outcome of patients suffering from inflammatory myositis remains unsatisfactory. In addition, there is no clinical information and a clear outlook for this disease in the community. This study aimed to evaluate the outcome of patients with inflammatory myositis (response rate to treatment) and to determine the related and predictive factors of this outcome in these patients. Materials & Methods: This historical cohort study was performed on 80 patients suffering from inflammatory myositis. By retrospectively reviewing the patient records in the hospital, basic information was extracted and through telephone calls, the outcome status of the disease, and response to treatment were assessed during follow-up and categorized as complete remission, partial remission, and no remission. Results: Within the follow-up time, 40.0% were completely treated (complete remission), 3.8% had no proper response to treatment (incomplete remission), and 13.8% did not respond to the treatment. Also, 23.8% did not refer for further treatment at least six months from the start of treatment. No death was reported within the follow-up time. We found an association between the quality of treatment response and baseline parameters, including the rate of receiving intravenous immune globulin regimen, time of symptoms onset, gender, different patterns of disease, and disease subtype. Conclusion:  A notable number of inflammatory myositis patients still do not respond to routine treatment, and we, in fact, are at the forefront of managing the disease.}, Keywords = {Clinical outcome, Inflammatory myositis, Outlook}, volume = {1}, Number = {2}, pages = {125-130}, publisher = {Urmia University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.52547/hsm.1.2.125}, url = {http://hsm.umsu.ac.ir/article-1-70-en.html}, eprint = {http://hsm.umsu.ac.ir/article-1-70-en.pdf}, journal = {Health Science Monitor}, issn = {}, eissn = {2980-8723}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {KazempourDizaji, Mehdi and Zare, Ali and Tabarsi, Payam}, title = {Study and prediction of the case-fatality rate (CRF) of COVID-19 based on patient’s medical information referred to Dr. Masih Daneshvari Hospital in Tehran}, abstract ={Background & Aims:  Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an acute respiratory syndrome that despite global health efforts to prevent its spread, it still has high fatality rates in many countries. Materials & Methods: Based on the medical information of 4,372 COVID-19 patients referring to Dr. Masih Daneshvari Hospital in Tehran, Iran, the case-fatality rate (CFR) for COVID-19 was calculated, and the trend of this index was assessed using the artificial neural network (ANN) model. Results: In this study, the CFR for COVID-19 reduced by an average of 0.4% per day and reached 4.43% during 50 days of the epidemic onset. Predicting the daily trend of this index using ANN model also showed a very gentle downward trend. According to the prediction of this model, during the first 100 days and also the second 100 days from the COVID-19 epidemic onset, the CFR for this disease decreased by an average of 0.03% and 0.01% per day, and reached 3.87% and 3.05%, respectively, Conclusion: The use of CFR for COVID-19 and prediction of the trend of this index for the future can provide valuable information on the diagnosis of the disease severity and evaluation of the effectiveness of control and treatment strategies, as well as assessment of the health care.}, Keywords = {Coronavirus, Covide-19, Case-fatality rate (CFR), Artificial neural networks (ANNs), Prediction}, volume = {1}, Number = {2}, pages = {131-137}, publisher = {Urmia University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.52547/hsm.1.2.131}, url = {http://hsm.umsu.ac.ir/article-1-60-en.html}, eprint = {http://hsm.umsu.ac.ir/article-1-60-en.pdf}, journal = {Health Science Monitor}, issn = {}, eissn = {2980-8723}, year = {2022} }